Cannabidiol (CBD) has exploded in popularity in recent years. This cannabis compound may help with conditions like pain, anxiety, and more. Keep reading to learn the science behind CBD, how to use it safely, tips for finding quality CBD products, and the latest research on its health benefits.
What Is CBD and How Does It Work?
CBD, short for cannabidiol, is one of over 100 active compounds found in the cannabis plant called cannabinoids. The two most well-known cannabinoids are tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). THC is the compound responsible for the “high” feeling from marijuana. In contrast, CBD does not cause intoxication or impairment.
CBD can be derived from both hemp and marijuana, which are two variations of the Cannabis sativa plant. CBD from hemp tends to contain very low levels of THC, 0.3% or less. CBD derived from marijuana has higher THC levels and is only legal in states with recreational or medicinal marijuana laws. Most CBD products today are made from hemp for legal reasons, and these products will not get you high.
The human body has an endocannabinoid system with cannabinoid receptors throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. Phytocannabinoids like CBD can interact with these receptors and affect the release of neurotransmitters in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Through these interactions, CBD can influence various body processes like pain perception, inflammation, appetite, temperature, and more.
How CBD specifically works is still being researched, but it seems to increase levels of the body’s natural endocannabinoids. It may also block endocannabinoid receptors from binding to cannabinoids. CBD also appears to positively interact with serotonin, opioid, and dopamine receptors. The complexity and versatility of the endocannabinoid system is why CBD may impact so many different body systems.
Potential Health Benefits of CBD
While human studies on CBD are still limited and more research is needed, preliminary studies point to a wide variety of potential health benefits of this intriguing compound:
May Relieve Chronic Pain
Several studies indicate CBD may be beneficial for reducing different types of chronic pain, including nerve pain, arthritis, migraines, and pain from multiple sclerosis. In one study on arthritis pain, researchers applied CBD topically and noted reduced inflammation and pain in the joints without side effects.
CBD’s pain-relieving effects may be explained by its anti-inflammatory properties. Inflammation is linked to many chronic pain conditions. CBD has shown the ability to reduce inflammatory markers in several studies. This anti-inflammatory action may also help explain CBD’s usefulness against arthritis, skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis, bowel diseases like Crohn’s, and even heart disease.
Could Reduce Anxiety and Depression
Clinical trials are revealing CBD’s promise in treating anxiety disorders like generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It may work by increasing prefrontal cortex activation and changing blood flow to areas of the brain linked to anxiety responses.
In one interesting Brazilian study, subjects with social anxiety disorder actively treated with CBD had reduced anxiety triggered by public speaking. Additional studies back CBD’s potential as an anxiolytic or anti-anxiety compound.
Early research also indicates CBD may be effective in boosting mood and relieving symptoms of depression. One study found CBD had fast-acting antidepressant effects in animal models. More high-quality human studies are underway to better understand CBD’s role in regulating mood.
Potential Neuroprotective Properties
Due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, CBD is being researched as a possible neuroprotective agent that may help conditions involving neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease.
In particular, CBD may protect brain cells from oxidative stress and toxicity, two factors connected to neurodegenerative disease development. In one interesting study, CBD seemed to reverse signs of Alzheimer’s in animal models by clearing out amyloid beta plaque buildup and reducing neuroinflammation. More research is needed, but CBD as a neuroprotective supplement is an exciting possibility requiring further exploration.
May Improve Heart Health
While research is preliminary, CBD shows promise for improving cardiovascular health in a few ways. Studies indicate it may lower resting blood pressure, prevent stress-related increase in blood pressure, and widen blood vessels. CBD may also prevent cell death connected to heart disease because of its antioxidant and stress-reducing properties.
There is also evidence CBD may stop the formation of artery blockages by inhibiting the migration of white blood cells. By reducing artery blockage, CBD could help prevent heart attacks and strokes. Note that more studies confirming CBD’s benefits for heart health in humans are needed.
Other Potential Benefits
Researchers are also exploring CBD’s effects on additional conditions that may include:
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- Epilepsy – CBD-based epilepsy drugs have already been approved by the FDA.
- Addiction – Early research shows CBD may help heroin, opioid, and tobacco addiction.
- Skin conditions like acne, eczema, and psoriasis due to CBD’s anti-inflammatory properties.
- Insomnia – CBD may help individuals fall asleep faster and experience longer sleep.
- Nausea and vomiting – CBD appears to have anti-nausea effects.
- Diabetes prevention – In mice, CBD showed promise in stabilizing and preventing the onset of diabetes.
This list just begins to scratch the surface of the potential therapeutic uses for CBD. As laws and access to CBD expand, research will continue to shed light on how this compound can benefit human health in a myriad of ways.
Is CBD Legal?
In 2018, the United States passed the Farm Bill, which legalized hemp and hemp-derived CBD products on a federal level. However, there were some key restrictions put in place:
- Hemp plants and CBD can contain no more than 0.3 percent THC by dry weight. Any more THC and the plant is classified as marijuana, not hemp.
- CBD cannot make any medical or therapeutic claims, like saying it treats anxiety, inflammation, or pain. The FDA does not allow this without approval as a medication or supplement.
- CBD companies must comply with regulations and obtain proper licensing from the state they operate in. Laws vary by state.
Additionally, while hemp-derived CBD is now legal on a federal level, states can impose their own restrictions on CBD. Some states only allow CBD with 0.0% THC, while others ban it entirely. It is important to check your own state’s laws before buying or using CBD.
The FDA also does not currently regulate or approve CBD products except for one prescription CBD epilepsy drug. CBD product quality, dosage, and claims of benefits can vary widely between brands. It is important to be an informed consumer and only buy from reputable companies that provide third-party testing.
Talk to your doctor about whether CBD is right for you, especially if you take any medications as CBD can interact with some drugs. And always check your state’s laws, as those can supersede federal ones. Broad-spectrum CBD products with 0.0% THC are often the safest bet.
How to Use CBD Safely and Avoid Side Effects
While more research is still needed, current evidence suggests CBD has a very high safety profile when used properly. Here are tips to use CBD in the safest way possible:
- Talk to Your Doctor First – Discuss with your doctor before using CBD, especially if you take any medications. CBD can potentially interact with other drugs and affect how they work in your body. Your doctor can also advise you on an appropriate dosage and any reasons you should avoid CBD.
- Start Low and Go Slow – When first using CBD, begin with the lowest dose possible. Give this low dose 2-3 weeks to take effect before increasing it, as your body needs time to adjust. Finding the most effective dose often requires patience and gradual increases over weeks or months.
- Stick to Recommended Doses – Pay close attention to serving sizes listed on the CBD product you choose. Consuming very high amounts of CBD may cause side effects like diarrhea, changes in appetite and fatigue in some individuals.
- Buy From Trustworthy Brands – Only purchase CBD from companies that third-party test every batch. Third-party labs check for purity and that CBD and THC levels match what is on the label. Poor quality CBD may contain contaminants or THC levels above legal limits.
- Avoid While Pregnant – Very little research examines CBD safety while pregnant or breastfeeding. To stay cautious, avoid CBD during pregnancy and while nursing.
- Don’t Give CBD to Children – While research shows CBD is generally safe for adults, its effects on a developing brain and body are still unknown. Do not give CBD to children without your pediatrician’s supervision.
Follow these tips and pay close attention to your body’s response. Seek medical advice if you experience any concerning side effects when using CBD. Reported side effects are generally mild and include things like drowsiness, indigestion, and diarrhea.
Finding High Quality CBD Products
Since the CBD industry is still largely unregulated, it can be challenging for consumers to know which CBD brands and products are of high quality. Here are some tips for shopping for the best CBD products:
- Check for Third Party Testing – Legitimate companies get every batch of CBD tested by an independent, accredited lab to ensure contents match the label. Search for certificates of analysis (COAs) for each product.
- Avoid Health Claims – By law, CBD companies cannot make any direct health claims or say CBD treats any conditions. Steer clear of any brand that makes disease or therapeutic promises.
- Look for Signs of Quality Manufacturing – High-quality brands make information on their farming, extraction methods, and manufacturing processes easily available. All ingredients should be clearly disclosed as well.
- Choose Organic and Non-GMO CBD – Hemp absorbs what is in the soil, so CBD extracted from organically grown, non-GMO hemp will avoid any pesticide or solvent residue contamination.
- Consider the Extraction Method – CO2 extraction yields the purest CBD and is free of harsh solvents. It’s the gold standard for CBD extraction.
- Check Reviews Online – Check third party websites for consumer reviews about the CBD brand or product you are considering. Look for consistent reviews confirming a brand’s quality and reliability.
Buying high-grade CBD from credible brands is key to making sure your CBD provides the effects you desire. Always shop with care and caution from companies that make third party testing easy to find and review.
CBD Consumption Methods
If you decide to try CBD, there are multiple ways to take it. Here are some of the pros and cons of the most common CBD consumption methods:
CBD Oils & Tinctures
The most popular method, users place drops under the tongue and hold for up to 90 seconds before swallowing. CBD gets absorbed sublingually through the mucous membranes. Effects come on between 15-45 minutes and last 4-6 hours. Easy to adjust serving sizes.
CBD Edibles & Capsules
Offer pre-measured doses of CBD in the form of gummies, baked goods, and more. Considered the easiest method. Capsules are also very simple to use. Effects take 1-3 hours to onset and can last 8+ hours. Difficult to adjust serving sizes.
CBD Topicals
These lotions, balms and ointments designed for use on skin, hair, muscles and joints. Allows for targeted relief to a specific area of the body. Effects are localized and not systemic. Great for arthritis, headaches, eczema and menstrual cramps.
CBD Vape Products
Inhale CBD vape oils or pre-filled cartridges through a vape pen. Gets CBD into the bloodstream the quickest through the lungs. Effects begin in minutes but wear off in 1-3 hours. Convenient but the long-term safety of vaping is unknown.
CBD Transdermal Patches
Adhesive patches that stick to the skin to steadily deliver a measured dose of CBD over 24 hours or longer. Convenient extended-release option without having to ingest CBD. Difficult to adjust or stop dosing once applied.
No single method is necessarily better than others. Consider your needs and preferences when deciding which consumption method is right for your wellness goals. Many find a combination of several methods works for them.
The Future of CBD Research
While over 23,000 studies mentioning CBD are currently published in scientific literature, this only marks the beginning for CBD research. High-quality clinical trials on humans are still in relatively early stages for many potential applications of CBD.
There is exciting promise in exploiting the entourage effect of CBD, THC, and terpenes in cannabis. Scientists are just starting to explore how the interaction between all these compounds is greater than their individual parts.
With changing attitudes and laws governing cannabis, research funds and access will expand, propelling studies into the next generation of understanding about CBD. Areas ripe for deeper research include:
- The full functionality of the endocannabinoid system and how phytocannabinoids like CBD interact with it.
- How isolated CBD compares to full-spectrum CBD extracts with trace THC and other cannabinoids present.
- The mechanism behind CBD’s analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.
- CBD’s impact on mental health conditions beyond anxiety and depression.
- How CBD may be able to combat addiction and treat substance abuse disorders.
- The true efficacy of using CBD as a neuroprotective supplement.
- Clinical studies on the side effects and safety profile of long-term CBD administration.
As CBD laws and research opportunities expand, the next decade promises to be a gamechanger in discovering how this fascinating compound can be used to safely promote human health and wellbeing.
The Bottom Line on CBD Oil
While human research is still in its early stages, CBD appears to have a very wide margin of safety and a multitude of promising therapeutic benefits for conditions like pain, anxiety, inflammation, neurological disorders, and more. Anecdotal evidence is robust when it comes to the efficacy of CBD. However, double-blind placebo-controlled studies in humans are needed to fully quantify its effects.
CBD shows potential to naturally treat many health conditions that previously relied on prescription medications with less safety and more side effects. More doctors are recognizing this and embracing CBD as a viable medical alternative.
With responsible and informed use, CBD stands to offer many health benefits as an all-natural supplement. Always consult your doctor before starting any new supplement, and be smart purchasing quality CBD from reputable brands that provide third-party testing. The future of CBD medicine is bright.
Frequently Asked Questions About CBD
- Will CBD make me fail a drug test? Most drug tests are looking for THC, not CBD. However, even CBD products with 0% THC have a small risk of showing up on a sensitive drug test. Anyone being routinely tested should use extreme caution with CBD.
- Can I give CBD to my pet? While CBD seems generally safe for pets, most vets recommend starting with very low doses. Never give your pet any CBD or cannabis product without your vet’s approval.
- How long does CBD stay in your system? CBD is metabolized and eliminated from the body relatively quickly. It has a half-life around 2 to 5 days. Factors like method of use, dosage, and frequency impact how long it may stay detectable in your system.
- What’s the difference between full spectrum and isolate CBD? Full spectrum CBD contains all the beneficial cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids naturally found in the hemp plant. CBD isolate is purified CBD only, with no other compounds present.
- Will I get addicted to CBD? According to the World Health Organization, CBD does not exhibit effects indicative of abuse potential or cause dependence. You cannot become physically addicted to CBD.
- Can you overdose on CBD? There are no documented lethal CBD overdoses as extremely high doses seem to be well tolerated by humans. However, very high doses of CBD may cause side effects like drowsiness and nausea.
- When is the best time to take CBD? This depends on your preferences, needs and the type of CBD product. Oils and tinctures can be taken morning and night. Edibles and capsules are often taken as needed.
- Does CBD expire? Like any natural supplement, CBD can lose potency over time. Most CBD products have a two year shelf life if stored properly. Always check the expiration date before using older CBD oil.
Final Thoughts on CBD and Your Health
The wave of the future for natural health solutions, CBD has the potential to safely alleviate conditions that previously relied on prescription medication. However, warns Dr. Adam Kaufman, director of Integrative Medicine at Boston’s Brigham and Women’s Hospital, “While promising, the data is still spotty and not conclusive about its benefits. More research needs to be done.”
With the right precautions, using third-party tested CBD from a reputable company can be a safe way to naturally supplement your wellness. But Kaufman emphasizes CBD is not a cure-all: “It’s important to manage expectations. CBD does not work for everyone and for everything. You have to find the dose that works for you and the condition you are trying to treat.”
Always discuss using CBD with your doctor, especially if you are on other medications or have health conditions. Do your own additional research on CBD. When purchasing CBD, only buy from transparent companies that provide third-party lab testing for quality assurance. If you do decide to try CBD, approach it with sensible expectations, and alert your doctor to any side effects. Used properly, CBD holds much promise as a natural health supplement, but it is not a miracle cure.
Sources
[1] https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/cannabidiol-cbd-what-we-know-and-what-we-dont-2018082414476
[2] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569602/
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